Exam review Essays

Exam review Essays Exam review Essay Exam review Essay Race and ethnicity: Most marriages are between members of same race Age: typical pattern is marriage within 2-3 years of ones own age Residential Propinquity: Within a geographically limited locale, the likelihood of marriage decreases as distance increases Religion: 35% of married people, married someone of different religion 2009) Marriage gradient: -The tendency for women to marry men of higher status. -Tendency for men to marry women slightly below them in age, education Early Marriage transitions: Marital task: 1. Establish marital and family roles 2. Provide emotional support 3. Adjust personal habits Establishing boundaries: The critical task is to form a family that is interdependent rather than independent or dependent. Marriage as a legal contract: Marriage in itself is a legal entity by rules and regulations. Factors such as gender, age, family relationship, and number of spouses apply. ,138 statutory provisions in which marital status is a factor in determining benefits, rights, and privileges Benefits, tax filings, inheritance, custodial rights, domestic violence protection, next of kin status. Access to family-only services, relocation and employment assistance for military spouses The Defense of Marriage Act(DOOM): Act that denied federal recognition to same-sex couples and gave states the right to legally ignore gay or lesbian marriages should they gain legal recognition in Hawaii or any other state. Signed into law by President Bill Clinton. Same-Sex Marriage: As of March 2013, 9 states (Massachusetts, Connecticut, Iowa, Vermont, New Hampshire, New York, Maine, Maryland, Washington, and the District of Columbia) allow same-sex marriage. Civil Union: A legal status created by the state of Vermont in 2000. It is a separate status for same-sex couples. It provides legal protection to couples at the state law level, but emits federal protections. Only applies to the state where issued. Different than marriage: Portability across states, various rights not given in civil unions that married couples have. Domestic Partnership: Legal relationship available to same- sex couples. It affords couples (most but not all) of the same rights, protections, and benefits of married people. Common Law Marriage: To be defined as a common law marriage a couple must (1) live as husband and wife and present themselves as married, and (2) agree that they are married, (3) some states have a time period of 6 years or more. Common law marriage was prevalent in most states pre-1920 because the availability of officials who could perform marriage ceremonies grew. Commuter marriage: An arrangement al earner couples. US census bureau reports 3. 6 million married Americans were living apart from their spouses not including those who were legally separated, this number has doubled since 1990. Not a new concept, traveling salesmen, migrant workers, soldiers on deployment have always been in this type of relationship. Interracial marriage: When two people of different racial groups marry This is a form of heterogamous Throughout US history, legal marriage has been denied to certain groups, such as blacks. After slavery, laws were enacted to prevent marriage between racial groups Even Asian immigrants were subject to laws that prevented them from marrying white US citizens Gallops recent minority rights and relations survey asks Americans if they approve or disapprove marriage between blacks and whites: 77% approved, 17% disapproved. 4. 6% of all marriages in the US in 2008 were between spouses of different racial backgrounds 8% overall are interracial, 9% whites, 15% blacks, 26% Hispanic, 31% Asians married someone from a dif race. Child Marriage: Marriage before the age of 16. Presently, 100 million girls will marry over the decade. Prevalent n areas of Africa, Bangladesh, India, Nepal(less educated, poor-more likely to marry young) Arranged Marriage: Viewed as a social, cultural , and economic necessity, the terms at which are agreed upon by the families of the future groom and bride. Estimated that 55% of marriage worldwide are arranged with a divorce rate of 4% for these marriages. Accepted practice in Iran, Afghanistan, Japan(10%), India (90%) Arranging marriages in US clashes cultures Is a common practice among US immigrant groups Polygamy(Plural): Where a man has multiple wives. Estimated 30,000-50,000 people vive polygamist lifestyle in the US, many in fundamentalist sects of the Mormon Church. Plural marriages are not legally recognized. East Asia: Before modernization, east Asian countries, china, Japan, Vietnam, permitted similar practices of polygamy South Asia: Permitted under Islamic Law; Present amongst some Muslims in South Asia. Illegal in India for the Hindus and other religious groups under the Marriage Act. Africa: Including Kenya, Sudan, And Nigeria Polyandry: Fraternal Polyandry: A group of brothers share a wife. Concentrated largely in Southeast Asia-India, Tibet, and Nepal. It is sporadically distributed in areas of Africa. Non-Fraternal Polyandry: A womans husbands are not related. Transnational Marriage: A marriage between two people from different countries Internet Brides(mail-order): A form of marriage by a middle man or agency. It has become increasingly prevalent in Russia and Asia. Marriage Tourism Industry: provides opportunity for men to get across to foreign women. Trend towards women living in less-developed countries seeking men in more developed countries. Majority of these women are from Southeast Asia (South Korea, Philippines) Countries of the former Soviet Union (Russia, Ukraine, and Latin America(Columbia). International Marriage Broker Regulation Act of 2005(lumbar): BUSH: A U. S. Federal statue that requires background checks for all marriage VISA sponsors and limits serial visa applications. Concern about fraud and abuse of foreign brides Community Property States: State in which all marital property is divided equally Washington, and Wisconsin. Non-community Property States(Common law states): Property may be divided by equitable distribution. Property that each partner brings into the marriage or receives by gift is called separate property. Property that is owned by once spouse before the marriage is separate property. Divorce: Legal termination of marriage Annulment: Legal retardation of the existence of the marriage Miscegenation: The interbreeding of people considered to be of different racial types Successful Marriages: Background factors: Age at marriage, level of education, race, parental marital status Contextual Factors: Support and approval from friends and freedom from pressures to marry Individual traits and behaviors: Level of sell-esteem, inter-personal skills, physical health Couple characteristics: Being from similar backgrounds, possessing minimal values, attitudes, beliefs, gender-role expectations; communication and conflict management skills Enduring Marriages: 1 . Conflict-habituated: Tension, arguing, and conflict permeate the relationship 2. Passive-congenial: Begin without the emotional spark or intensity contained in our romantic idealizations of marriage. May be marriages of convenience that satisfy practical needs in both spouses lives. 3. Devastative: Begin with high levels of emotional intensity that dwindles over time. Eventually look like passive-congenial marriages but have a more intense history, Obligation keeps them together. . Vital: Appeal more to romantic notions of marriage because they begin and continue with high levels of emotional intensity. Conflict is not absent, but it is managed in such a manner as to make a quick resolution. 5. Total: relationships in which characteristics of vital relationships are present but to a wider and deeper degree. Spouses appear to share everything. African-American Families: 1. Have long-history of being dual-earner families as a result of economic need 2. Marital relations show signs of greater distress than the general population 3. Kinship bonds provide economic assistance and emotional support in time of need 4. Strong tradition of families with an important role played by intergenerational ties 5. African-American community values children high 6. More likely than Caucasians to live in extended households Short Answer: Factors contributing to higher levels of marital strength and satisfaction: 1. Having spouse who is a best friend and whom you like as a person 2. Believing in marriage as a long-term commitment and sacred institution 3. Consensus on such fundamentals as aims and goals and philosophy of life 4. Shared humor